A epidemia de gripe pneumónica ocorreu em Portugal num momento em que o país que enfrentava enormes dificuldades de natureza económica, política e sanitária. Chega a um país rural e pobre, envolvido na Grande Guerra de 1914-18, e que se debate com a carência de géneros e a carestia de vida, e com uma fortíssima crise social e política. Apesar de o país estar habituado a sucessivas epidemias, o carácter imprevisto e violento da pneumónica (estima-se que tenha provocado quase 140 mil mortos num país com cerca de 6 milhões de habitantes) fez com que a resposta dos agentes políticos e sanitários fosse marcada por factores ligados à conjuntura (crise económica, social e política) e de tipo estrutural (condições higiénicas e sanitárias deficientes, falta de meios em capital económico, de médicos e de medicamentos, impotência do conhecimento médico para debelar a epidemia).

The Spanish influenza epidemic occurred in Portugal when this country faced enormous economic, political and sanitary problems. The country was poor, living mainly from agriculture and was involved in the First World War. There were food shortages, a high cost of living, as well as a strong social and political crisis. Although people were used to deal with successive epidemic diseases, the sudden and violent character of the Spanish influenza took everybody by surprise. According to some estimation it killed about 140 thousand in a 6 million person's countryThe answer of the political and sanitary agents was marked by contextual factors (the economic, social and political crisis) as well as by structural ones (very poor hygienic and sanitary conditions, lack of financial resources, of doctors and medicines, impotence of medical knowledge in dealing with the pandemic).